What does Romanesque art include?

Romanesque art is characterized by its architectural style that flourished in Europe during the 10th to the 12th centuries, well before the Gothic period. This style is noted for its solid, heavy structures, including churches and cathedrals, often featuring round arches, barrel vaults, and thick walls. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic art happened as new techniques and styles emerged, particularly focusing on verticality and light in cathedral designs.

The correct answer accurately points out that Romanesque art encompasses Gothic art and architecture, particularly as the two styles have historical continuity. Gothic architecture originated in the later phase of the Romanesque period, evolving from its earlier forms rather than being completely distinct from them.

While the other options explore different artistic movements or techniques, they do not pertain directly to Romanesque art. Monumental sculpture and landscape painting, expressionism, and impressionism refer to later art movements that developed beyond the timeframe and characteristics of Romanesque art, which is rooted in the medieval period's specific cultural and artistic expressions.